• These are the deep natural underground cave formed by the erosion of rock, especially by the action of water.




• These currents erode the river’s bed and create small depressions in it.




• These are drilled into the bed of a river and are cylindrical in nature.




• The diameter and depth varies from few centimeters to meters.




• These are formed due to the whirling impact of the water current in the upper course of the river.




• In India, the potholes can be observed in the river bed of the Kukadi, Krishna and Godavari river in Maharashtra.

Land-form – River and Glacier system – V-Shaped valley:

• In mountain ranges, you will find these types of valleys




• V-shaped valleys have steep valley walls with narrow valley floors




• V-Shaped valleys are deep river valleys with steep sides that look like a letter V.




• These are generally formed by the result of erosion and withering by fast flowing rivers and are generally formed in the upper course of the river.




• A deep and narrow valley with steep sides is called a Gorge.




• Many gorge are found in river Ulhas in Thane district in Maharashtra and the gorge of the river Narmada at Bhedaghat near Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh are well known.

Land-form – River and Glacier system – Waterfalls (Geological):

• Waterfalls are formed due to erosion of both hard rock and soft rock.




• As the river flows over the resistant rock, it falls onto the less resistant rock, eroding it and creating a greater height difference between the two rock types, producing the waterfall.




• Over thousands of years, the repeated collapse of the cap rock and retreat of the waterfall produces a gorge of recession.




• Waterfalls exist because of difference in rock types. When a river flows, it passes through many different rock types and when a river passes from a resistant rock bed to a softer one, it erodes softer one very quickly and at the junction between the rock types, it steepen its gradient.




• The highest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls in Venezuela (~800 m).




• The largest waterfall is the Chutes de Khone (Khone Falls) on the Mekong River in Laos.




• The Niagara Falls on the river Niagara and Jog falls in Karnataka on Sharavathi river are famous waterfalls.

Land-form – River and Glacier system – Meanders and Ox-bow lakes:

• Meanders are bends in a river that form as a river’s sinuosity increases.




• A meander forms when moving water in a stream erodes the outer banks and widens its valley, and the inner part of the river has less energy and deposits silt.




• Meanders form a snake-like pattern as the river flows across a fairly flat valley floor.




• The sinuosity of a river is a measurement of how much a river varies from a straight line.




• Meanders are formed due to lateral erosion and as the erosion increases over the period of time, the meanders in the river again start flowing in the straight line.




• Meanders formation is a self-intensifying process where a greater curvature results in more erosion of the bank which in turn results in greater curvature.




• Oxbow lakes are an evolution of meanders that undergo extensive deposition and erosion.




• When the meanders cut from the main course and water accumulates in this pool then it resembles the shape of the ox bow.

Land-form – River and Glacier system – Fan shaped plains:

• These are formed in the region where the Tributaries Rivers joins the main river.




• These are formed due to the deposition of material carried by the Tributaries Rivers.




• These flows come from a single point source at the apex of the fan, and over time move to occupy many positions on the fan surface.




• This deposition resembles the shape a Fan like plains.

Land-form – River and Glacier system – Flood Plains:

• These are formed due to the overlows of the river and lood in the nearby areas..




• It is an area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding.
  
  

• Flood plains are made by downstream travelling meanders.




• Slit carried by the water gets deposited in flooded areas and formed flat plains on both sides of river.




• The Gangetic plain is a flood plain.

Land-form – River and Glacier system – Levees:

• It is an embankment built to prevent the overflow of a river by a ridge of sediment deposited naturally alongside a river by overflowing water.




• When a river floods, it deposits its load over the flood plain due to a dramatic drop in the river’s velocity as friction increases greatly.




• Repeated floods cause the mounds to build up and form levees.

Land-form – River and Glacier system – Delta:

• Delta is a terms coined by Herodotus (The Father of History) after the Greek letter Delta because of the deltoid shaped at the mouth of the Nile river.




• A river delta is a landform that forms from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or standing water.




• This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarely) another river that cannot transport away the supplied sediment.




• Over the period of time this deposition builds the characteristic geographic pattern of a river delta.




• Sunderbans delta of the Ganga River is the largest in the world.

• It is half-open steep-sided hollow at the head of a valley or on a mountainside, formed by glacial erosion.




• Cirques are created by glaciers, grinding an existing valley into a rounded shape with steep sides.




• The back wall of the cirque is like a high cliff and the floor is concave and huge in size. The total shape resembles an armchair.




• When a glacier melts completely, water accumulates in the cirque and forms a lake which is known as a tarn.

Land-form – River and Glacier system – U-shaped valley:

• U-shaped valleys, or glacial troughs, are formed by the process of glaciation. They are characteristic of mountain glaciation in particular. They have a characteristic U shape, with steep, straight sides and a flat bottom




• As the erosion of the sides is greater than that of the floor, a valley is formed with vertical sides and a wide floor. This valley is called a U-Shaped valley.




• These valleys can be several thousand feet deep and tens of miles long.




• As a glacier moves downhill through a valley, usually with a stream running through it, the shape of the valley is transformed. As the ice melts and retreats, the valley is left with very steep sides and a wide, flat floor. This parabolic shape is caused by glacial erosion striving to decrease friction as much as possible

Land-form – River and Glacier system – Hanging Valley:

• It is a valley which is cut across by a deeper valley or a cliff.




• Hanging valleys are often associated with valley glaciers, joining the main valley along its sides.




• Hanging Valley Landforms Have 2 Main Characteristics – a valley that leads to another valley below and A cliff or steep wall below the meeting point.




• They are the product of different rates of erosion between the main valley and the valleys that enter it along its sides.




• The tributaries are left high above the main valley, hanging on the edges, their rivers and streams entering the main valley by either a series of small waterfalls or a single impressive fall

Land-form – River and Glacier system – Fjord:

• Geologically, a fjord is a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial erosion




• Fjords are common in Norway, Greenland and New Zealand.

Land-form – River Glacier system – Moraine:

• The material transported and deposited by a glacier is known as moraine.




• a mass of rocks and sediment carried down and deposited by a glacier, typically as ridges at its edges or extremity




• Zigzag hills, with many steeps slopes, made up of long stretches of sand and gravel are called eskers.




• The oval shaped hills of lesser height are called drumlins.




• There are 4 types of moraines – Lateral, Medial, Terminal and Ground

A. 1, 2 and 3
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1 and 3 only

Answer: Option A

2. Consider these statements:
1) A gorge is almost equal in width at its top as well as its bottom whereas In contrast, a canyon is wider at its top than at its bottom.
2) Another major difference between these two is that where gorge is an erosional feature, canyon is a depositional one.
Choose the true statement(s):

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both
D. None

Answer: Option A

3. Which waterfall of India is popularly known as Niagara Falls?

A. Barkana waterfall
B. Chitrakoot
C. Rajat waterfall
D. Kevti waterfall

Answer: Option B

4. Lake formed in a cut off river, meander is called:

A. Playa lake
B. Meteoric lake
C. Ox – Bow lake
D. Creater lake

Answer: Option C

5. Lake formed in a cut off river, meander is called:
1) Rapids, Waterfalls
2) V-Shaped Valley
3) Meander Formation
4) Delta Formation
Codes :

A. 1, 2 and 3
B. 2,3 and 4
C. 1, 3 and 4
D. 1 and 2

Answer: Option D

6. Which of the following are left bank tributaries of Yamuna –

A. Chambal
B. Ken
C. Tons
D. None of the above

Answer: Option D

7. Which city of Madhya Pradesh lies in Indo-Gangetic plains?

A. Gwalior
B. Indore
C. Bhopal
D. Jabalpur

Answer: Option A

8. Which two planets of the solar system have no satellite?

A. Indo-Gangetic Plain
B. Punjab Plain
C. Doaba
D. None of the above

Answer: Option A

9. A broad, low embankment built up along the banks of a river channel during floods is called?

A. Delta
B. Levee
C. Flood plain
D. Dune

Answer: Option B

10. Moraines are formed in??

A. River delta
B. Arid regions
C. Glacial regions
D. Monsoon region

Answer: Option C